Ecclesiastical and multi faith institutions in the United Kingdom 1) The position of Monarch as Head of the Church of England In the 1530s King Henry Tudor Junior (VIII) created the Church of England by proclaiming his realm of England as an Empire with him as its spiritual and temporal head so he could remarry and have a male heir. In 1536 he created county and diocese structures within the province of Canterbury for the territory of Wales (legal sessions were based on the English and Welsh marches sessions in Ludlow, with Monmouthshire in the Oxford assizes and Deeside, Flintshire and Wrexham under Chester assizes, province of York, reaffirmed after the rebellion of James Stuart Duke of Monmouth in the reign of William and Mary and Queen Anne). In 1540 he summoned the Irish Lords and was upgraded from overlord of all Ireland to its King. In these three realms monasteries and convents were sold of to the aristocracy and gentry and some were demolished. His sister was married to the Stuart King James of Scotland, their daughter became Queen Mary of Scots so before that occurred there was relative peace between England and Scotland with less reference to the Island Empire proclamation in the reign of Edward 1st which had been toned down by the Anglo- Scottish peace treaty in the Reign of Edward 3rd. Their monasteries were bought by the Calvinist aristocracy of the Scottish Kirk which in the regency and reign of James VI produced their prayer book at Scottish universities using the proceeds. In the reign of Henrys daughter Elizabeth 1st the present Church of England prayer book as recognised by the House of Commons and since the disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales the General Synod of the Chuch of England and Anglican Consultative ctte / Archbishops Consultative Ctte of the Anglican Chruch, and an official English language bible was produced as Crown property and published by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In 1603 James VI acceded to the throne of England, Wales and Ireland as James 1st, King Of Greate Britain, Ireland and France, (defender of the faith) The English language Bible was rededicated as the King James Bible and vested in the Court of St James as the King James Bible. Some of the Scottish and Irish Church became ‘Episcopalian’ accepting structures and parity with the Church of England, and the authority of the Crown as their common Governor. The Calvinist Church in Scotland continued with its own service book and the Royal Family were recognised as ‘honoured guests’ who shared the faith and bible in English with them and funded the translation of these books into both dialects of Gaelic (Scottish, Irish), Shetland Norse, Manx and Channel Island French, as Elizabeth 1st had authorised a Cymraeg / Welsh translation in her, preceding reign. The common publisher is the Trinitarian Bible society. 2) The evolution of dissenting churches As of 2012 there are the following English Language full translations of the Bible: King James Bible and New King James Translation Vulgate (Roman Catholic) translated from Latin into English as the Jerusalem and New Jerusalem Bibles, used by RC, some CofE and Orthodox Churches in the English speaking countries of the world. Revised Standard (Methodist church of Great Britain and Irish Methodist church) New International (Some Methodists, Baptist church of great Britain and Irish Baptist church, Ian Paisleys denomination in Northern Ireland, Evangelical Alliance (Alpha interdenominational congregations of varying denominations) and the successor churches to the Dissenters, Free, Congregational in England, Wales and Scotland (the United Reform Church of Great Britain), created as their congregations fell and to have a better voice in England with parity to their fellow Calvinist / Knox based church the Kirk in Scotland, through the Chruches Together in England, advising the Crown and Lambeth palace at their governing council / synod level, with members of the Royal family as a Patron / advisor in the process of mutual understanding (the mutual covenant). Post WW2 there are churches together in England that apart from sending out and collecting the Christian Aid Week envelopes, also campaign for church missionaries and ecumenical aid (such as care of orphans and building wells and Christian schools in the 3rd / developing world). Since 2003 on the basis of resident churches, a churches together in Wales has also started developing, to aid and advise ‘their man in Lambeth’ Following the collapse of Communism and in response to the horror of arms proliferation and extremist violence, a UK wide interfaith forum has been estabnlished so that UK resident Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists and Jews (of descent from Commonwealth citizens who fought in the two world wars and settled here) can try and stop it through campaigning. On a practical level since the 2004 Pacific tsunami, in the UK several charities have pooled their linguistic and aid agency expertise to form the DEC (Disaster Emergency Committee) to help offer food and humanitarian aid to famine zones such as Sudan and Ethiopia and evacuate refugees and help them at refugee camps in bordering states according to international law, aiding Un mandated agency, UNICEF.

‘Best Bank’ for accounts post bankruptcy: 1) Metro Bank offer a debit card savings account (currently 2-3% savings interest depending on amount in account and minimum deposit) without direct debit facilities until after x years from discharge from insolvency. They also have coin counting machines for you or your children to pay into your change into (Also helping treasurers of clubs / societies / associations). 2) Nat West Bank offer similar but at a lesser rate of interest 3) The Financial Services Authority and now the Money Advice Service have produced leaflets showing other banks and Mutual societies and the services their accounts offer previous insolvants. (www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk) To pay for utilities and household insurance, you would need to phone up monthly and pay the amount from your income / benefits or have a key meter. For a one bed flat the amount would be £100-150 annually (Lloyds TSB) which works out at approx £10-15 per month. To get these accounts you would need the discharge certificate from Debt Relief Order (after one year if on state sickness and lower level Unemployment benefits and resultant benefit combinations) and / or bankruptcy (1-six years). Reasons for Bankruptcy: 1) Credit and shop store cards, ie the ‘consumerist lifestyle’ 2) University education if parental income is either too high or too low for state assistance combined with first job income depending on the loan / grant repayment interest rates (if tied in part to UK state debts) 3) Dropping out of FE after doing a resit year till age 19 or HE after 1st 2nd year as a full time student on really low grades. 4) Losing your job while a part time or distance learning university student so that you can’t afford the next module or having attempted previous HE study, do not qualify for grants / allowances too attend the lesser number of seminars / Tutorials (unless you’re recognised disabled and qualify for Free / Discounted Public Transport fares). This can apply for both Undergraduate and Postgraduate qualifications. 5) Having been an eijit and drunk too much or developing a illegal drug problem and thus losing the ‘work effort’ if a full time student. If such get community mental health referral and NHS sick notes from your Doctor or NHS Direct / 111 helpline so that you can get a referral for detox and to quote the non professional ‘annonymous’ addiction societies (AA, NA) live ‘clean and sober’ so as to complete FE / HE exams as distance learner while in employment so you have a complete Cert HE / DipHE/ FD / HND to give you the best abilities and skills for the distance learning Third year modules (such as Open University, London, and taught modules such as Birkbeck). You could do subjects such as Psychology, Counselling and intro to social work modules so that you can apply for internships / Pharmacy training with the NHS and then get a job in nursing or pharmacy. AA /NA allow for the use of wine In Holy Communion (though depending on your sponsor may say that some churches use non alcoholic wine / Blackcurrant Squash. 6) An alternative to 5) is staying in part / full time employment from 18-21 from a company that offers sponsorship for management training or Undergraduate degree or professional training to be an ‘in house’ legal or medical personnel. These would include supermarkets and restaurant chains / franchises or the Emergency / Armed Services and government departments. For these reasons you would need to see the Universities Welfare / Finance department, and if you are a member the Universities SU / NUS counselling department to aid the preparation of County Court Papers (in the legal jurisdiction of England and Wales and in accordance with the UK insolvency service guidelines), and the home Citizens Advice Bureau or where a student would like to settle with their partner / spouse. The NHS guidelines allow a time period on DWP sickness benefits and gradual voluntary work to part time work and depending on how you do / go and your age full time work eventually. This is regulated in Greater London by either or both Mental Health and Addiction Recovery services in Hillingdon these are both run by a multi borough Community Mental Health trust, in Ealing it is based more on one borough NHS Trust (west London) on the former site of St Bernards hospital. Kings College Hospital is based in Denmark Hill and Waterloo training building near St John Church (1951 Festival of Britain), Imperial in South Kensington, University College by Euston Square and Warren Street tubes and QMV near Mile End. South of the River is St Marys (SW London) The Universities that offer Nursing and Social Work courses are: West London (Ealing) Bucks New (Uxbridge) Brunel Birkbeck (Bloomsbury / Stratford). Adult ed colleges that offer certificates: Uxbridge and Harrow Colleges (night / afternoon) classes Hillingdon Adult Education (see 2012-13 prospectus from Brookfield Adult Education centre or available from the LBHillingdon Libraries). Minimum age 18 for enrolling for these (instead of Family / Disabled modules with a possible exception being foreign languages). City Lit College, Holborn

So how much do you need to live on while at university? James Ware 1) In the United Kingdom the law on minimum income (the successor of Church provision as amended and nationalised by the C19th Poor Law into state provision, particulary since 1945 and the introduction of the welfare state on top of the state pension and housing provision before and during World War 1) is set within the context of the Department of Work and Pensions guidelines after the September UK inflation rate is announced, roughly six months after the last UK budget and is amended up / down at the Autumn Spending review according to the agreed maximum of the UK DWP (social Security department) budget, devolved variations (such as GLA and London Borough staff on the ‘living wage’ of £10-12 per hour worked and a public transport pass or interest free zone). UK, wide (predominantly England) the differing benefits paid are the following categories: 1) Job seeking on Unemployment benefit (JSA) part time (ie while bringing up children, being disabled or semi retired as a non executive director / charity trustee in the voluntary sector) £45-65 2) Recently unemployed and on DWP National Insurance credits and top up (income based) JSA. This is where based on previous employment history, the DWP and HMRC Tax Credit departments pay you extra to the JSA standard level. If long term disabled or sick IB and Is go up simulating salary wage rises, ESA ,any differ with the emphasis of said increases going on Support groups and training for part time work. If living outside of the family home these two are eligible for Council and Housing Benefit at the local authorities discretion for 18-24 year olds and previously a lower rate for YMCA Hostels, bedsits and the like. If parents are ill and children live at home, they may get carers allowance or a part of their parents employment support allowance paid direct to them by the state in lieu of housing benefit depending on the English Local Authorities / County Council guidelines and in case they can only work part time. 3) as 2) but under 25 with a lower benefit rate and thus qualifying for DWP income support to top up to the legal amount, thus qualifying also for Housing and Council Tax Benefit. This would normally be paid only for a bedsit / studio flat rate. 4) Under 25 and out of FE / HE as an apprentice in some industries on the apprentice guidelines wage of £95 a week. Counts towards Housing Benefit, but Council Tax may be paid to landlord or be landlords responsibility 5) Over 18 eligible for DLA or Attendance Allowance (till 65 and assessed under the old system every four years based on medical notes and submitted evidence to the relevant Disability and Carers service) paid to the infirm person tax free so that it can be forwarded through their bank account to their carer or direct to the Local authorities adult social care department if care is council arranged. Under 18s usually has more input from charities / hospital volunteers / faith communities / Churches and is not usually disclosed. 5) 25-30 eligible for 1bedroom flat if alone or two bedroom flat if in relationship and have children or if caring for relative. If has a long term condition that qualifies for Incapacity Benefit or transfer to higher rate Employment and Support Allowance, 6) 30-40, 40-60 and over 65 have varying Incapacity Benefit rates per month. All people (over 18) who live on it for over a year get a ‘December / Christmas Bonus’ of about 1-2 weeks amount of IB. 7) Employment and Support Allowance is lower with the difference going to treatment / recovery groups funding (state sector or those contracted to do so), carers, UK wide IT databases and provision except where devolved and enterprise / job clubs for the patients who are so capable (after assessment and some times volunteering so to do after working voluntarily part time). As such it may help mentally disabled and mental health patients with High IQ’s with a variety of part time courses or remedial OU study to get a full first year undergraduate certificate, or second year diploma / HND / Foundation Degree after credit transfer. 7) TV licences are given free for Over 75s, sometimes discounted to those who are 74 depending on when their birthday is compared to the Tax / Benefit calculation year, and those who are diabetic or have extremely poor eyesight amongst other defined medical conditions under the relevant guidelines drawn up under devolved UK ministerial powers by the Licencing agency (a part of or working in partnership with the BBC). Full time and disabled part time students are sometimes exempt and though this needs checking, you can declare that you don’t have a Television every year and then not pay (though if your computer / mobile / I player downloads under new guidelines you may need one, also if you get a DAB / Sattellite Radio). Student shared houses count as households that have to pay the licence, Halls of residence include the cost for common room provision in the rents pro rata and The TV Licensing agency mail every individual room so you can apply for one. Taxation Once you are over 18 Tax free savings are only usually the following: 1) Declared and linked savings account with Current Account for direct debits such as termly / monthly tuition fees, paid for by having the equivilant of fourteen / fifteen months of income with the extra two / three covering housing and textbooks / stationery (which some HE undergrad law / medicine and postgrad students count against income and capital gains tax as ‘tools of the trade’ as well as family birthdays and Christmas cards and presents) Hence for the twelve actually monthly income payments, the leftover amount from keeping expenditure down on alcohol / tobacco, having a prepayment NHS certificate for prescribed medicine if living in England (free prescriptions in Wales and Scotland passed by their democratic national parliaments devolved primary law making powers) gets transferred to the savings account. Additional Top Up National Insurance contributions instead of income tax from mothly allowance and or part time work so that if you fall ill get an injury while working for the Sports team, you get a higher amount of incapacity / ESA and possibly Income Support with the latter. 2) ISAs within the UK financial jurisdiction up to the statutory maximum per person or members of a recognised family unit per year. 3) Off shore accounts with tax paid on amounts transferred into the UK / Northern Irish / Scottish / English / welsh jurisdictions. Thus some banks for their ‘premier’ customers may have these linked as well from Isle of Man / Channel Island / Commonwealth / Republic of Ireland Tax Haven bank accounts or share portfolios so registered and declared under EU, Commonwealth, EFTA and IMF guidelines such as banknote issuing banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. 4) Shares of UK companies (such as those on London or Edinburgh Stock Exchange like the FTSE 100, 300, 500 and MIB) would be registered with UK banks in the UK for UK citizens usually and may qualify to pay Corporation Tax. Banks that offer that include Santander / HSBC / Nat West and Lloyds TSB / RBS. Mutual societies that are concentrated in a given area of the UK may help former insolvents and the children of their customers by helping them with this as part of their Pension provision given the real terms decline of the state pension when the link to earnings was removed from the early 1980s to 2010. 5) Until Income tax and National Insurance are merged into a universal tax, commonly administered by BACS and PAYE deductions by the same Agency but at varying rates depending on whether the address is in Scotland / Wales / England or Northern Ireland (owing to their devolved budgets and tax rates from devolved administrations) and in different parts and income bands (ie atop rate of 45-50%), full time student paid employment is allowed for up to 12-16 hours per week and at your discretion only National Insurance at the statutory amount or additional amounts to it or income tax like those not in education is paid. 6) However without a Living Wage and where termly transport costs too / from uni are greater and there are less Long Distance Buses / Coaches like National Express (such as to Aberdeen, Aberystwyth, Belfast (non distance students), these universities might be better aiming for part time students in Full time employment who are either locals to their devolved nation or are so descended, working in local government or other UK / Welsh state employees and thus eligible for funding for it while in post or those who are employees of privatised utilities and ‘in house’ practicioners in related disciplines such as: Railway engineering, Doctors, Pharmacists, Librarians Qualified PCSOs and those PC’s being assessed for eligibility for CID or Police Sergeant rank, all eligible to use Copyright Libraries and their online resources, based on the Blackboard learning system). Pitman Qualified Legal Secretarial All of these would / could as an entry criteria be bilingual and live in Wales and can use DVD lectures and Computers with webcams for tutorials. Student Unions might not pay enough for student part time staff especially given the unusual hours that their catering / bar staff work. As such and to curtail the drinking culture of other venues, students could when applying for private sector similar jobs ask for their hours to be limited on health grounds (such as having to take sleeping tablets and their course having, 8.30 - 10.30am early morning lectures in that week arguing for said employment restrictions under the European Working time directive or parity with those working of similar age with young families or for common contracts of employment with staff in teaching and support staff who are non students). Also prior to going to university, they could do a part time course to raise their own ‘personal minimum wage’ based on experience such as introduction to childcare, counselling, Mountain leadership or experience with a narrow gague railway maintenance or hospitality (and in the case of Plymouth and Aberystwyth / Aberdeen and living in a English town with relevant ad ed provision, the native languages of Cornwall, Wales and Scotland) so that they can work and be appointed on the basis of equal opportunities. Under employment statistics the fewer number of jobs for the population of the academic year may price the average working class family student from full time study there unless they enrolled with two-five of their friends in the first year to all study distance / part time and work or live off inherited money or parental and grand parental / family or church/ faith income and charitable trusts or company and professional association charitable grants and apprenticeships (such as the former London County Council Pension fund for their staff and their children (if in a successor department such as The Greater London Fire Authority and Brigade or a London Logistics regiment) Thus could enable them to get a private sector tenancy for their first year and make a housing benefit claim / conservation area grant to actually buy it as a shared house, or if their income / savings made by their parents and part time work aged 13-18 isn’t enough share a ‘student village house (such as Neuadd Pentre Jane Morgan Hall at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University) if that protects their housing benefit level rates for being a tenant in the private sector in their second year. An example for those of only average ability who grew up in the western Home counties (ie not Oxford uni grades or fail their interview and desist after only applying for one academic year) is Brunel University with Housing near the Cowley Road being similarly bought since the 1980s. However with the number of secondary schools within 1¾ miles of Uxbridge being counted as 8 +1 : Vyners, Bishopshalt, Douai Martyrs RC, Abbotsfield / Swakeleys, Uxbridge High and with the RAF Uxbridge Development mnaking the town centre expand to the west, Hewens and Rosedale Colleges (the former Mellow Lane and Hayes / Rosedale Grammar Schools), plus the Bishop Ramsey CofE school in Eastcote for LB’s Hillingdon, Harrow and Ealing plus surrounding Home Counties District councils. Getting part time employment even with the number of shops and shopping centres is difficult for undergraduates as these schools ex students might have started work the previous academic year while on study leave. There is also the fact that with so many cadet and youth groups nearby from Ruislip south to West Drayton, other teenagers with families resident have an advantage over the temporary resident students unless they are trying to gain UK citizenship through the previous governments naturalisation and as such have a Job Centre employment advisor, similarly to Young Mothers / Older jobseekers and the Mental Health / Disability advisor provision at Uxbridge Job Centre in Uxbridge (Belmont Road). However with the differing development policies in the East London boroughs of High storey office blocks in Docklands surrounded by right to buy 1945 - social housing for families (the 2 ½ bedroom council house) and above average priced 2-3 bedroom ‘low rise’ flats on the former Royal Docks dockside (the ones near London City Airport and the Woolwich Ferry which links with Eltham and Thamesmead / North Greenwich developments, plus the former Surrey Docks flats which are more the price range of university staff and key workers, such as the Ones for nearby Goldsmiths College). Also there’s now Stratford Olympic Village and all the shopping centres needing staff as part of legacy, students (of all kinds UK / Eire/ Commonwealth and European Union) could go to QMV, UEL, City, Guildhall and Goldsmiths via DLR and Overground, with onward bus or foot journeys to Kings College, LSE, UCL and Westminster. Yet to start in the property market at such a young age and with changing legislation and bye laws from Local, devolved and Westminster governance you would need to get professional advice from a Law centre or conveyancing centre such as James Urquart Stewarts Severn Investment on Londons LBC Radio or Barnes Rolffe Partnership on top of whether if a registered unwell person (the section 117 register in England) you have a legal practioner and accountant or tax advisor appointed in the County Court small claims post insolvency or general sessions if under the care of a community mental health trust and allocated as part of the Care Programme Approach agreed with the NHS Psychiatrist, Social Worker, Psychotherapist / Counsellor and Carer / Nurse This is depending on whether you have been a hospital patient or go to 2 or more groups organised by the NHS Community Health Trust (roughly 1 per UK Parliamentary constituency in Greater London with the Mobility component of Disability Living Allowance going towards a mini cab / black taxi / Dial a ride minibus to get there) The other alternative is Mind a national charity with registered charities in each London Borough and usually two / three meeting venues, some owned by the NHS Trust, some by them and some Drs surgeries / Faith Communities (though because you are then a patient in the community in a town / regional transport area your DLA is lower and you get a Freedom Pass or free bus travel). Both have the same minimum of two groups a week for getting DWP sickness benefits under the new ESA guidelines with optional voluntary work. These agencies look at property maintenance costs. Also Legal contracts between those who wish to share ownership including this scenario: I’ve failed my 1st / second year of a full time / Part time course, can I default on my friends or through the London student housing website, sub let my room so that someone else pays the money as a tenant to me and I keep my share in the House of Multiple Occupation, and if not can I change my status from full or part time student to full time employed and exams only distance learning resit for a year using charitable libraries, Birkbeck or similar university with a Sconul card or on state Employment and Support allowance and housing benefits (so that part time work can be combined with helping their partner write their essays and research notes so that they and your flatmates all pass) These agencies might also advise on buying foreclosed properties in the UK that are auctioned in their former owners home jurisdiction if he / she defaults on their mortgage or as part of the sale of a persons estate if they retire, are injured or need long term care as part of relocation to their home country that the English NHS might not provide for them (such as the NAFTA member Mexico / USA or ASEAN members such as Commonwealth territory low lying islands under either Australian, New Zealand or UK Sovereignty without the equivilant of Falkland Islands Oil deposits to subsidise their health care and the risks of Pacific Tsunamies).

Issues facing the Mayor of Greater London, regarding underground tunnels and clay and chalk ‘water tables’ of London and the Home Counties 1) Water Supply First any Mayor has to note that after an Ice Age which saw glaciers from the Arctic as far south as Luton to St Albans, the Thames / Isis River ran further North from its Oxfordshire / Cotswold start and the Thames, if it existed, had less tributaries, mainly within the current Thames basin of Greater London (Colne, Crane, Misbourne, Fleet, Walbrook, Brent, Pinn etc). From the Tudors the industrialisation of London at sites such as near Kew and Chiswick for coal mining and brewing reduced the water table levels which made it easier for the tunnels of the Metropolitan Railway to be cut and cover built and later the tube tunnels to be excavated by tunnelling machines (The Greathead shield) and laid with cast Iron segments. As such the current Thames Valley Park has a water supply that has been greater than its capacity, prior to the Twentieth century Resorvoirs it is why during the past 1000 years the Thames has been gradually tamed, first by Locks and then canals for bringing Water supply from the Cotswolds and Wales and for the carrying of Cargo / freight prior to the Railways and twentieth century main road network (The Grand Union Paddington /Slough Canals, Kennet and Avon and Lea Navigation). Without these (and the rerouting of theCOlne / Misbourne and Frasy Rivers in West Bucks and South West Herts, the underground part of terminal 5 would be even more prone to water flooding, and even now there is still the need to return sewage treatment capacity that was previously on the Terminal 5 site (the Perry Oaks sewage farm). However as well as water extraction, where there is habitation there is also excretion. Since the nineteenth century there has been under both sides of the Thames sewers to Beckton and Thamesmead for Sewage, part transported by water from the smaller tributaries, flushing toilets and the used bathwater from baths with drains. This is now at capacity and over the past two terms of office the incumbent Mayors have, in partnership with the Assembly and Greater London Water companies (such as Thames and Three Valleys) been examining the possibility of another ‘Deep Super Sewer’ from near Hammersmith by The A4 and behind Latimer School and the Hammersmith and Fulham town hall where it would extract some ‘clean river Thames water’ to push along its length the sewage it would take from London’s nineteenth century ‘sub surface Thames Relief’ sewers. However its implementation could lose control of Hammersmith and Fulham Council by the current Mayor Johnsons Conservative Party in the 2014 ‘borough mid terms’ to his own four year term of office owing to the popularity of that park amongst other reasons. Yet not to do so risks a rising water table corroding Gas and Electricity and Rail / Road tunnels lower down the Thames or nearer the river itself with resultant pollution of the Thames that could cost him his mayoralty in 2016. 2) Railway tunnel maintenance The tunnels under the Thames are at most 150 -160 years old and are made of Iron rings or brick cut and cover. However aside from maintenance of the under river Bakerloo and northern Line tunnels (done during the 1990s and 2000s as part of the Hungerford Bridge footbridge millennium improvements) and the new Waterloo and London Bridge station infrastructure for the Jubillee Line extensions, current issues are: 1) Can the proposed northern Line extension to Battersea Power Station site from Kennington be further extended to Clapham Junction main Line station 2) Could The Waterloo and City Line be further extended to Battersea Power Station and Clapham Junction so that it can have better Depot facilities under the Battersea Development, similar to the Central Line at White City. Since the Bankl platyforms would need to be extended, the spoil extraction point for the original building to the West of Mansion House station (Circle and District) might have to be used owing to the River Walbrook running to its East under the road Walbrook in the City by St Stephens Walbrook and Mansion House. 3) Can this be done without preventing further transfer of the Balham, Streatham and Mitcham Junction loops via Clapham Junction inner suburban to London Overground so as to increase capacity of Outer Suburban and South Coast services as part of Thameslink 2020, Crossrail 1, Crossrail 2 and the proposed Brighton Main Line 2 as part of ‘Gatwick 2’ on the South Downs if Boris Island is an idea that is too much at risk of flooding owing to rsing sea levels as part of climate change? 1 and 2 would be more difficult as that part of South London from battersea to Clapham Junction is wimilar to the River Lea in Walthamstow / Stratford / Leyton with a gravel based soil, requiring freezing as part of teh tunnelling.